Land Combat Guide
Modern ground forces vary widely in technology and integration. Many large armies still field mostly older-generation equipment, while a few advanced militaries have upgraded significant portions of their troops with cutting-edge gear. The generation classification (1st to 5th) refers to the typical equipment and integration level of the soldiers:
• 1st Generation (1950s–1970s): Soldiers armed with mid-20th-century rifles (e.g. AK-47/G3 variants), minimal or no body armor, and little to no digital battlefield integration.
• 2nd Generation (1980s–1990s): Standard issue modern assault rifles (1980s–90s designs), improved Kevlar armor/helmets, some night vision and basic radios. Limited networking; mostly conventional mechanized support.
• 3rd Generation (2000s–2010s): “Digitized” infantry – widespread use of advanced optics and night vision devices, secure squad radios, and some battlefield networking. Many are equipped with soldier modernization kits (integrated body armor, sensors, GPS). Examples include Russia’s Ratnik kit (≈300,000 sets delivered by 2020 ) and France’s FÉLIN system (~22,600 systems fielded 2010–2015 ). These give soldiers improved situational awareness and communication.
• 4th Generation (2020s–Present): Early adoption of AI-assisted command systems, real-time data-sharing networks, and unmanned support at the tactical level. Troops operate alongside drones and robots for reconnaissance and logistics. For example, every U.S. Marine infantry squad now deploys a quadcopter drone for real-time recon (“Quads for Squads” program, ~600 drones fielded by 2018 ). South Korea has formed a pilot “Army TIGER” brigade using AI-powered drones and unmanned vehicles (plan to roll out Army-wide by 2040 ). These capabilities greatly enhance battlefield awareness and response speed. Israel’s military illustrates 4th-gen integration in combat – networked units coordinate aircraft, UAVs, tanks, and artillery in minutes to strike targets, a capability “unthinkable a decade ago” .
• 5th Generation (Future/Developmental): Prototype stage involving fully autonomous combat systems, combat exoskeleton suits, and swarming combat drones integrated with infantry. No army has fielded these at scale yet – they remain experimental. (Russia’s upcoming Sotnik system aims to integrate micro-drones, robots, and exoskeletons for its soldiers , while China has tested robot dogs and exoskeletons in exercises ).
Overview of Global Land Force Modernization Trends
Modern armies around the world are steadily advancing from legacy “first- and second-generation” forces – characterized by massed manpower and mid-20th-century equipment – toward more networked, high-tech third- and fourth-generation forces. A clear trend is the prioritization of digital integration and soldier modernization programs. For example, the U.S. Army’s current modernization strategy emphasizes six priorities (including networks and “Soldier Lethality”) to ensure units are equipped with new-generation weapons, communications, and night-vision gear . China similarly declared it had “basically” achieved mechanization by 2020 – ensuring all ground units are motorized or mechanized – and is now rapidly pursuing “informatization” and “intelligentization” (digital networking and AI) of its force by 2035 . Highly modernized armies such as those of the United States, Western Europe, and advanced Asian powers now field large proportions of troops with third-generation equipment (e.g. modern armored vehicles, personal armor, night vision, C4ISR radios). Many are introducing fourth-generation capabilities – fully networked battle management systems, soldier-worn sensors/displays, AI decision-support, and integrated drone units – to enhance situational awareness and precision on the battlefield. Notably, countries like the United States, China, France, Germany, and Israel have some of the highest numbers of modernized troops, having invested heavily in new infantry combat systems and digitized command networks.
Another observable trend is force restructuring and doctrinal shifts to optimize these technologies. Several armies are reorganizing units to be more agile and tech-centric – for instance, the British Army’s “Future Soldier” initiative leans heavily on robotics, AI, and dispersed operations as key to its 2035 force design . Militaries are integrating drones at every echelon: both the Russo-Ukrainian War and Middle Eastern conflicts have underscored the value of small unmanned aerial systems for reconnaissance and attack, prompting even mid-sized armies to equip infantry with quadcopters and loitering munitions . There is also widespread experimentation with AI-driven analytics and autonomy. Leading armies (U.S., China, Israel, etc.) are testing AI for target recognition, logistics, and command support, while countries like India and Indonesia explicitly cite AI-powered drones as shaping future warfare .
In terms of which countries lead in fielding 3rd/4th-gen troops, the United States stands out with virtually its entire active force equipped with modern personal gear (armor, night vision, advanced rifles) and significant segments now receiving augmented-reality goggles and networked comms under programs like IVAS . NATO allies such as France, Germany, the UK, and Canada have all outfitted their infantry with integrated soldier systems (detailed below), meaning a high share of their troops operate as a digitalized force. China has rapidly upgraded the PLA ground forces over the past two decades – virtually all active PLA brigades are mechanized and increasingly networked – so China likely fields one of the largest 3rd-gen forces by sheer size . Russia, prior to its 2022 invasion of Ukraine, claimed about 70% “modern” equipment across its armed forces . However, the war has revealed uneven modernization: elite units with cutting-edge gear but many reserve or auxiliary units relying on older Soviet-era weaponry .
A key global trend is that demand for drones, battlefield networks, and smart weapons is universal, while heavy legacy platforms (tanks, etc.) are being supplemented or reimagined. Many armies are restructuring from large, infantry-heavy formations toward smaller, tech-heavy teams that leverage surveillance drones, precision fire support, and rapid communications. Militaries are also investing in “future soldier” programs (detailed per country below) to equip soldiers with interconnected radios, body sensors, enhanced vision devices, and sometimes exoskeletons. These programs indicate a general doctrinal shift: the soldier is now seen as a system, integrated with vehicles, UAVs, and information networks, rather than as a standalone rifleman.
That said, modernization is uneven globally. A few large armies still have the bulk of their personnel in 1st or 2nd generation conditions – for example, North Korea, Vietnam, and Egypt maintain huge troop numbers but mostly with antiquated rifles, minimal night-fighting gear, and aging armor. Their modernization tends to be piecemeal, limited to elite guard units or recent imports. For instance, North Korea’s ground force modernization is officially “slow and incremental,” with only select new artillery, tanks, and missiles added while most of its million-strong army uses Cold War technology . By contrast, middle-tier powers like India, Pakistan, Brazil, and Turkey (among others) have recognized gaps and are now accelerating efforts to modernize infantry equipment, often with foreign partnerships or domestic industries (details below). Finally, a nascent “fifth-generation” land force concept is on the horizon, involving AI autonomy, human-machine teaming, and robotics at scale. No country has fully realized a 5th-gen ground force yet, but several (the U.S., China, Russia, Israel, etc.) are actively researching unmanned combat vehicles, drone swarms, and battlefield AI as the next leap in capability. In summary, the global trend is clear – technology and integration are the new determinants of land power, and militaries across the world are racing (at different paces) to upgrade their troops from Industrial Age to Information Age warfare.
Country-Specific Breakdown
Below is a breakdown of the top 25 countries’ active-duty land combat forces by generation, highlighting each country’s force distribution and ongoing modernization:
United States
The U.S. maintains one of the most advanced land forces, with the vast majority of Army and Marine Corps units operating at third-generation or higher levels. Every active-duty U.S. soldier is equipped with modern personal weapons, body armor, and night-vision devices, and the Army’s “Soldier Lethality” priority has fielded enhanced close-combat gear (e.g. new rifles and advanced night-vision goggles) to improve infantry effectiveness . The U.S. is now introducing fourth-generation capabilities: networked communications and data links down to the squad level, the Integrated Visual Augmentation System (IVAS) heads-up display, and experimental robotic combat vehicles to team with manned units . American units train for multi-domain operations, integrating ground forces with drones, cyber, and air assets. In terms of force mix, essentially all active U.S. ground troops would be considered 3rd-gen (digitally connected, with advanced armor and sensors), and an increasing subset are testing 4th-gen “netwar” tools such as augmented reality and AI decision aids. The U.S. is also actively exploring 5th-gen concepts – for instance, leveraging AI for logistics and targeting, and autonomous systems to keep soldiers out of harm’s way . Overall, the U.S. leads in ground force modernization, having put billions into next-gen vehicles, long-range fires, and soldier systems to ensure its troops “remain ready to fight tonight while preparing for future battlefields” .
China
China’s People’s Liberation Army (PLA) ground forces have undergone a dramatic modernization, moving a huge conscript-heavy force from 1st/2nd generation status in the 1980s–90s to largely third-generation capabilities today. By official accounts, the PLA achieved “basic mechanization” by 2020, meaning essentially all combat units have armored vehicles or transport and no division is purely foot infantry . Chinese infantry now widely utilize modern QBZ-95/191 series rifles, body armor, night-vision optics, and digital radios, with an expanding portion equipped with integrated targeting and navigation systems. The PLA is pursuing “informatization” aggressively – networking its forces with digital command systems and data links – and plans to “basically complete” military modernization by 2035 . Already, many PLA brigades are considered high-tech units with battlefield management systems and reconnaissance drones. China also aims to leap into “intelligentization” (AI and autonomy) for a future 4th/5th-gen force. It has showcased futuristic infantry gear like integrated visual helmet systems and exoskeletons in trials, and is experimenting with AI for battlefield decision-making . As of now, analysts assess a large share of China’s ground troops are 3rd-gen (modern armor, basic digital comms), and a growing number are attaining 4th-gen capabilities via new combined-arms brigades that link tanks, infantry, drones, and missiles in a unified network . With the world’s largest standing army, China likely has one of the largest pools of modernized ground troops by number, though not all are equally equipped – priority goes to units in likely hotspots (e.g. amphibious and rapid-response units). Beijing’s strategic goals (especially regarding Taiwan) are driving rapid upgrades, and by 2027 the PLA seeks to “accelerate the integrated development of mechanization, informatization and intelligentization” to field a fully modern joint force .
Russia
Russia’s ground forces present a mix of advanced and aging elements. In the 2010s, Russia poured investments into modernizing its army, aiming to go from only ~10% modern equipment in 2008 to 70% modern by 2020 . By official figures, this goal was met – Moscow claimed around “71%” modern weapons in its forces by 2021, the highest of any large army . Elite units such as Spetsnaz and paratroops (VDV) received the newest kit: Ratnik infantry combat systems (with digital radios, new body armor and optics), modern AK-12 rifles, and cutting-edge armored vehicles like T-90M tanks and BMP-3 IFVs. However, there remains a big gap between these elite formations and the rest . A significant portion of Russian active-duty brigades – especially in remote regions or secondary roles – still rely on upgraded Soviet-era 2nd-gen equipment (older T-72 tanks, BTR armored carriers, etc.). The 2022 invasion of Ukraine has laid bare these disparities: while frontline battalions field some 4th-gen capabilities (e.g. limited use of AI-guided loitering munitions and advanced anti-tank defenses), Russia has also been forced to reactivate 1960s-vintage tanks and artillery from storage . The war has spurred Russia to improvise modernization, for example by rushing anti-drone electronic warfare to units and increasing production of drones after seeing Ukrainian tactics. In summary, Russia’s land forces can field highly modern combat power in select units (modernized “contract” brigades), but a considerable fraction of its active troops remain effectively 2nd-gen. Going forward, Russia had conceptual plans for “5th generation” systems (like the now-delayed Armata tank and Sotnik soldier suit), but sanctions and wartime losses have slowed these. Modernization continues under strain – by 2023, Russia was refitting some units with improved gear even as others made do with antiquated kit, underscoring an uneven transition to 3rd generation status across its army .
India
India’s Army is large (~1.2 million active) but has historically lagged in modernization, leaving a high proportion of 1st/2nd generation equipment until recently. As of 2018, parliamentary testimony revealed an alarming 68% of Army equipment was “vintage,” only 24% current and 8% state-of-the-art . This meant most Indian infantry and armor units were operating with 1970s-era rifles, insufficient night vision, aging T-72 tanks, etc. However, India is now pushing major modernization efforts. The F-INSAS (Future Infantry Soldier as a System) program – envisioned since 2005 – finally began delivering new gear in 2022. Indian soldiers have started receiving modern AK-203 assault rifles with holographic sights, helmet-mounted night vision, body armor, and communications gear as part of F-INSAS . This marks a leap toward 3rd-gen capability for frontline infantry. India is also inducting new vehicles (e.g. BMP-2 upgrades, ordering futuristic armored vehicles) and improving artillery and air defenses. On the high-tech front, the Indian Army has shown serious interest in drones and AI – notably in 2021 it demonstrated a swarm of 75 autonomous drones attacking targets during an exercise , signaling intent to embrace unmanned systems and networked warfare. Still, India’s modernization is uneven: elite units (special forces, mountain strike units) are far better equipped than reserve or territorial units. The Army’s two-front threat (China and Pakistan) is spurring faster upgrades, but budget constraints mean that while 4th-gen programs (like digital soldier systems and AI integration) are in development, bulk implementation is slow compared to peers. In summary, India is transitioning from a largely 2nd-gen force toward a more modern 3rd-gen force, with incremental improvements in infantry lethality and situational awareness and some early steps into 4th-gen capabilities (network-centric warfare), but it still trails the top militaries in full-spectrum modernization.
United Kingdom
The British Army, though smaller (around 80,000 regulars, shrinking to ~73,000), is highly modern and is actively reorganizing for 4th-generation warfare. Virtually all UK combat troops are equipped to a 3rd-generation standard – they have modern rifles (L85A3 or equivalents), body armor, night-vision goggles, and secure personal radios as standard issue. The UK’s earlier FIST soldier modernization program delivered integrated surveillance and target acquisition devices to infantry, and learnings from that are being folded into current initiatives. Under the “Future Soldier” restructuring launched in 2021, Britain is investing heavily in digitalization and robotics. The Army has appointed a Chief Tech Officer and kicked off Project THEIA to drive digital transformation, aiming for a “data-centric” army by 2025 . Experimentation units (like the new Experimentation and Trials Group) are testing wearable tech that links soldiers with drones and sensors . A key focus is on human-machine teaming: the Army foresees small units dispersed across the battlefield but connected via networks and supported by off-board robotic “teammates” for protection and firepower . For example, the UK has trialed autonomous vehicles to carry supplies and even armed UAVs at platoon level. The British Army is also upgrading its vehicle fleet (with digital-enabled Ajax and Boxer vehicles) to serve as nodes in a network with dismounted troops. In short, nearly all British land forces are 3rd-gen, and the UK is aggressively moving toward 4th-gen capabilities – e.g. it plans for robotic and AI support in frontline units beyond 2030 . However, given force cuts, the UK will have a smaller but more high-tech army. It is actively developing 5th-gen concepts (like swarming drones and hybrid-power armored vehicles), often in concert with allies and industry, to ensure it keeps a qualitative edge even as troop numbers decline .
France
France has devoted substantial effort to modernize its Armée de Terre, achieving a high level of third-generation capability with elements of fourth-generation integration now emerging. France was a pioneer in soldier modernization with its FÉLIN (Fantassin à Équipements et Liaisons Intégrés) system. By 2010, all French regular infantry were equipped with FÉLIN V1 – a comprehensive ensemble including new combat uniforms with body armor, advanced helmets with night-vision monocles, GPS and radio comms, and rifle-mounted optics . This means virtually 100% of French infantry have long operated as a digital force (3rd-gen). The ongoing SCORPION program is France’s push into the next generation: it is replacing old armored vehicles with new ones (Griffon APCs, Jaguar armored recon, etc.) and crucially, networking them via the SICS digital battlefield management system. Under SCORPION, every level from soldier to vehicle to command post is linked, enabling real-time sharing of info. The program also envisions greater use of robots and AI – French planners speak of introducing “robotics, cybersecurity and new platforms” in an incremental approach . A successor to the FÉLIN kit is planned to incorporate lighter, more connected gear . Currently, French combined-arms task forces in exercises show 4th-gen traits: infantry with tablet computers receiving drone feeds, units using AI-assisted analysis for targeting, etc. France is additionally partnering in European next-gen projects like connected “sensor-to-shooter” networks and exploring exoskeletons for soldiers (tested in small numbers for load carriage). In summary, France’s entire ground combat force is modernized in terms of individual kit (3rd-gen), and it is now one of the leaders in integrating 4th-gen network-centric warfare through the SCORPION initiative. By the 2030s, France also plans for limited 5th-gen capabilities such as manned-unmanned teaming (armed robots working with troops) and greater AI use, keeping its relatively small army very technologically advanced.
Germany
Germany’s Bundeswehr ground forces are comparatively small (~64,000 army), but they are undergoing a deep modernization to become a fully digitized, 4th-generation-capable force. German infantry and mechanized troops are well-equipped with modern 3rd-gen hardware: the standard assault rifle (HK G36) and MG5 machine guns, body armor, night vision, and Infanterist der Zukunft (IdZ) soldier systems. The IdZ-ES (Enhanced System) in particular is a cutting-edge infantry kit that links soldiers via digital radios and provides integrated optronics (thermal sights, nav systems). In early 2025, Germany awarded a €3.1 billion contract to Rheinmetall for the largest-ever procurement of soldier systems, aiming to outfit up to 368 platoons with the IdZ-ES by 2030 . Each platoon set links 34 soldiers with IT equipment, optics, and communications gear as well as new protective clothing . This will ensure essentially all German combat troops have the same digital situational awareness as their vehicles. Germany’s new approach is to network soldiers with digitized vehicles (like the Puma IFV) so that dismounted troops and armor share sensor data in real time . In terms of generations, Germany already fields a majority 3rd-gen force (all main battle tanks are modern Leopard 2 variants, APCs are modernized, etc.), and with IdZ-ES and vehicle “system of systems” integration, it is moving firmly into 4th-gen territory (full spectrum digital connectivity). The Bundeswehr also stood up a Cyber and Information domain service and is experimenting with autonomous land systems (e.g. unmanned ground vehicles for reconnaissance), eyeing future 5th-gen capabilities. One challenge has been funding – but with a special €100 billion defense fund post-2022, programs are now accelerating. By mid-2020s, Germany will have one of Europe’s most high-tech armies per capita, though still mid-sized. Planned 5th-gen developments include integrating aerial drones with ground units and working with France on a next-gen combat vehicle that uses AI, indicating Germany is keeping pace with peers on advanced doctrine.
Japan
Japan’s Ground Self-Defense Force (JGSDF) is a smaller, defense-oriented force (~150,000 active), but it is rapidly modernizing amid regional threats. Broadly, Japan’s land forces are highly mechanized and technologically savvy (3rd-gen), though historically the JGSDF focused less on expeditionary capabilities. Every Japanese infantry squad has access to night-vision devices and modern communication gear, and Japan has recently updated personal weapons (adopting the Howa Type 20 rifle to replace older Type 89s). A major driver for Japan is its shrinking population, which means the military must do more with fewer soldiers. Accordingly, Japan’s strategy is to embrace automation, robotics, and digital tools. The government’s new Defense Buildup Program explicitly calls for “labor-saving measures and optimization” through technology to offset manpower declines . The JGSDF is experimenting with unmanned ground vehicles and drones for island defense scenarios. For example, it has tested remote-controlled vehicles for surveillance and is acquiring loitering munitions for long-range strike. Digitization is also key: Japan is enhancing its C4ISR networks so that ground units can share data with naval and air forces seamlessly . In terms of generational distribution, virtually all active Japanese ground units are at least at a 3rd-gen level (modern armor, updated APCs like the Type 16 MCV and upcoming TK-X tanks, etc.). Fourth-generation developments include the deployment of advanced command systems and plans for joint Unit Network (JGSDF is creating a Joint Command in 2025 to better integrate multi-domain ops) . Japan is also investing heavily in cyber and electronic warfare to protect its networks and in AI for decision support, as noted by its defense leadership . While not often labeled “5th-gen,” Japan’s focus on autonomous systems and AI is very much in line with that concept. For instance, Japan is buying and developing drones that can operate in swarms and even teaming those with future fighter aircraft; on the ground, it envisions smaller crew sizes and more unmanned sensors to monitor its extensive coastline . In summary, Japan’s land forces are highly modern in equipment and are now adapting doctrine to tech-driven warfare, with an eye on maximizing combat power per soldier through robotics and connectivity.
South Korea
South Korea maintains a large and capable army (~500,000 active soldiers, though downsizing toward 365,000 by 2025) focused on the North Korean threat. The Republic of Korea Army (ROKA) has been modernizing steadily and today most of its frontline units are third-generation. ROKA armor and artillery are among the world’s most advanced (K2 Black Panther tanks, K9 self-propelled guns), and its infantry have been upgrading rifles (to Daewoo K2C1) and gear. South Korea launched the “Warrior Platform” future soldier program in late 2010s to comprehensively update individual soldier equipment. This program outfits troops with 33 new kit items – from ergonomic ballistic helmets and body armor to new tactical glasses, digitized sights, and identification friend-or-foe devices . The rollout is phased through 2026; in the first phase (through 2023), only about 12,000 soldiers per division were equipped due to budget limits , but by phase 3 (2026) the goal is to have the entire force kitted. Even as some units still use older gear, ROKA has elite forces already at 4th-gen level – for example, special forces have integrated C4I kits and augmented reality glasses in testing. South Korea is also a trailblazer in military robotics and drones. It formed a special Dronebot Combat Unit to develop and deploy drones for tactical reconnaissance and attack, and it’s investing in unmanned ground vehicles to support infantry (a reflection of its tech-heavy economy). The Army’s modernization roadmap includes reducing personnel but increasing force multipliers through technology, such as AI-supported surveillance systems and network-centric warfare abilities. By 2025, South Korea will have a leaner Army but one where a high proportion of troops are connected via the Army Tactical Command Information System (ATCIS) and equipped with modern sensors. The country is also exploring 5th-gen concepts in partnership with its defense industry – e.g. researching exoskeleton suits for soldiers and advanced manned-unmanned teaming for its future combat vehicles. In sum, South Korea’s forces are rapidly transitioning – already predominantly 3rd-gen in equipment, and aiming to bring the entire infantry to 4th-gen standard (fully networked, well-protected, tech-enabled) within a few years .
North Korea
North Korea fields a very large army (Korean People’s Army Ground Force estimated 1–1.2 million active), but it is overwhelmingly a first- to second-generation force in terms of technology. The modernization of KPA ground forces has been “slow and incremental,” according to defense assessments . Pyongyang’s ground units still primarily use 1960s–70s vintage Soviet-derived equipment: T-55/T-62 tanks, BMP-1 IFVs, and older small arms (though some units have locally made clones and modifications). That said, Kim Jong Un has selectively introduced some newer systems, especially for artillery and special forces. North Korea has deployed new or improved rocket artillery (e.g. KN-09 300mm MLRS) and tactical missiles to bolster strike capabilities . It also unveiled a “new tank” in the October 2020 parade (often dubbed the M2020), which appears to be an upgraded MBT possibly intended for elite armored units . Additionally, North Korean special operations forces have been seen with more modern infantry kit – uniforms with body armor, modern optics, and even bullpup rifles in parades – suggesting a small fraction of troops approach 3rd-gen equipment levels . However, due to sanctions and limited resources, the vast bulk of the KPA remains antiquated. Logistics and C3 systems are primitive by modern standards; few units have digital communications. Instead, North Korea emphasizes sheer numbers, concealment (extensive underground facilities), and asymmetric assets like chemical weapons. Recently, North Korea has started employing drones (for reconnaissance over South Korea) and developing loitering munitions, but these are not yet widespread enough to shift the overall generation of its army. In short, North Korea’s land force is predominantly 1st/2nd generation, with only pockets of modernization. It does not yet field true 4th-generation ground capabilities, though it compensates with weapons of mass destruction and unconventional tactics. Any 5th-gen developments (like AI or autonomous systems) are likely minimal beyond rhetoric. The KPA’s size is formidable, but technologically it lags far behind the world’s leading militaries.
Pakistan
Pakistan’s Army (~560,000 active) has a mix of older legacy systems and ongoing upgrades, putting it broadly in the late 2nd to 3rd generation category. Over the last two decades, Pakistan had focused on counterinsurgency and counter-terror operations, which led to improvements in infantry mobility and protection on a limited scale. Now the Army is shifting back toward conventional modernization vis-à-vis India. Pakistani military leaders have stressed the need for critical enablers in hardware to enhance their well-trained troops – emphasizing “enhanced lethality, increased mobility, improved communications, and battlespace domination” as objectives of force modernization . In practice, this means Pakistan has been upgrading its infantry equipment (e.g. more widespread issue of body armor and night-vision devices, new sniper rifles) and acquiring modern small arms (it has tested indigenous modern assault rifles to replace old G3s). Pakistan has also invested in surveillance gear and communications for soldiers after lessons learned fighting insurgents, recognizing that even well-trained units were hamstrung without modern kit . On the heavy equipment side, Pakistan has fielded some 3rd-gen main battle tanks (for example, the new VT-4 tanks from China and a fleet of Al Khalid tanks) alongside older 2nd-gen types like T-80UDs. Its artillery is being modernized with precision guided munitions and platforms like the A-100 rocket artillery from China. Pakistan’s access to technology is constrained by budget, but it leverages defense ties with China and Turkey to procure drones and anti-tank guided missiles. The Army has raised a new “Command, Control, Communications, Computers and Intelligence (C4I) Brigade” in recent years, indicating efforts to network its forces. Drone integration is also notable: Pakistan has used reconnaissance UAVs in operations and reportedly is arming larger drones (e.g. the Chinese CH-4) – moves toward a 4th-gen capability, though not yet across the board. Overall, Pakistan’s most elite and forward-deployed units approach 3rd-generation capability (modern arms, some digital comms), while a substantial portion of its forces still use older 1st/2nd-gen gear due to financial constraints. The country is actively pursuing 4th and 5th-gen force multipliers – for instance, developing an all-weather surveillance and targeting system and exploring AI for analysis – but compared to its peers, Pakistan’s modernization is moderate. It is catching up slower than nations like India or Turkey, relying on incremental improvements and foreign technology infusion rather than an indigenous revolution in military affairs.
Turkey
Turkey fields NATO’s second-largest army and has made great strides in modernizing its land forces into the 3rd generation, with strong ambitions for 4th-gen capabilities. Most of the Turkish Land Forces have been re-equipped in the past 10–15 years: old G3 rifles gave way to the locally-produced MPT-76 and newer MPT-55, units received modern uniforms and armor, and Turkey massively expanded its drone fleet. In fact, Turkey emerged as a world leader in military drones – the Turkish-built Bayraktar TB2 UCAV proved highly effective in recent conflicts, demonstrating how Turkey integrated aerial drones with ground operations for reconnaissance and precision strikes . Building on this, Turkey is now aiming to replicate that success in land systems: several Turkish firms are developing unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs) for combat and logistics, with government support to field these with the army . This points to an expected 4th/5th-gen shift, where robotic vehicles will work alongside soldiers. Currently, Turkish infantry are decently networked (they use software-defined radios and have access to battlefield management systems at the company level). Turkey launched a “future soldier” project (sometimes referenced in Turkish sources, often focusing on improved optics and wearable tech), though it’s not as publicized as some nations’ programs. The operational focus for Turkey has been on asymmetric warfare enhancements – e.g. in Syria and against insurgents, Turkish troops employed drones, electronic warfare, and networked fire support, showing a modern doctrinal approach. All new Turkish armored vehicles (Altay tank, Tulpar IFV, etc.) are being built with digital systems to interface with infantry. Furthermore, Turkey is investing in AI and exoskeleton research (through TÜBİTAK and other agencies) to boost future soldier performance . In terms of generations, a substantial portion of Turkey’s active-duty force is now 3rd-gen (updated armor, modern rifles, NVGs), especially in units deployed along its borders. Turkey is rapidly integrating 4th-gen tech – its widespread use of drones and now UGV prototypes shows an embrace of unmanned systems and networking. It is also planning for 5th-gen warfare by pursuing capabilities like swarming drones and autonomous “drone carrier” ships . In summary, Turkey’s military transformation has produced a robust, tech-enhanced army where nearly every soldier benefits from modern kit, and the country’s thriving defense industry means it will continue to add advanced systems (AI, robots) at a pace that keeps it on par with leading military powers.
Israel
Israel’s ground forces, though not large (~170,000 including conscripts), are among the world’s most technologically advanced – arguably at the cusp of fourth-generation warfare integration. Virtually all Israeli infantry and armored units are fully third-generation in equipment: every Israeli soldier has a modern weapon (Israel has introduced advanced bullpup rifles like Tavor/X95), high-quality body armor, night-vision and thermal sights, and secure tactical communications. Moreover, the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) have implemented the “Digital Army Program” (known as Tzayad), networking all tanks, APCs, and infantry into a unified command-and-control system. This means Israeli ground troops operate with a high level of situational awareness and digital coordination. Israel was a pioneer in drone technology – it introduced battlefield UAVs as early as the 1980s and remains at the cutting edge of their use . Today, Israeli ground units at even platoon level have access to real-time drone feeds; specialized field intelligence units deploy tactical quadcopter drones to support infantry maneuvers . The recent conflict experience (e.g. Gaza operations) has pushed Israel further into 4th-gen tactics: the IDF heavily uses small drones for recon and attack in urban warfare, and it reportedly became the first military to use AI algorithms to help identify and prioritize targets in combat. Elite Israeli brigades (Golani, Paratroopers, etc.) are testing new augmented reality helmet systems and AI-powered combat analysis tools, pointing towards 5th-gen integration. For instance, in late 2023 the IDF showcased a human-guided AI drone system used in urban battles, effectively a man-machine teaming approach . Israel’s approach is often innovative out of necessity: it has developed vehicles with active protection systems (Trophy APS on tanks) to protect soldiers and is working on robotic border patrol vehicles to reduce risk to troops. In summary, Israel’s entire active land force can be considered at least 3rd-gen (few, if any, antiquated platforms in use), and a significant portion is experimenting with 4th-gen/5th-gen capabilities – from multi-layered drones and loitering munitions to AI-enhanced C4ISR . The IDF is actively developing what it calls the “Edge of Tomorrow” soldier system (a combination of wearable tech and networked data) and has a dedicated tech unit (Lotem) for incorporating cutting-edge tech quickly. So while small, Israel’s ground forces are extremely modernized and continue to push the envelope in digital and autonomous warfare.
Iran
Iran’s active ground forces (Artesh Army and IRGC Ground Corps combined) are large (~350,000+), but their modernization has been uneven and limited by sanctions. A considerable portion of Iran’s conventional land arsenal is still 1st or 2nd generation – e.g. 1970s U.S.-supplied tanks (M60/A1) and APCs, or 1980s Soviet designs. However, in recent years Iran has prioritized certain niche advancements to offset its outdated gear. Notably, Iran has made drones and missiles the centerpiece of its military power, as a substitute for modern aircraft or armor . In 2025, Iran announced it had inducted 1,000 new military drones into service across its forces , including models capable of supporting ground units with reconnaissance and loitering strikes. Iranian officials even highlighted the use of artificial intelligence in drone production and operations, indicating that Iran is leveraging AI to coordinate and control drone swarms . This essentially gives Iran a burgeoning 4th-gen capability in the air, which they try to integrate with ground tactics (for example, using drones for artillery spotting and target identification for ground batteries). On the ground soldier level, Iran’s Artesh Army infantry are not particularly well-equipped – many still carry older rifles (G3, AK variants) and lack advanced body armor – but the IRGC and special units have procured modern small arms (Iran produces clones of the KH2002 and AK-103) and some night-vision gear. Iran has also unveiled some upgraded or indigenous armor (e.g. the Karrar tank, which is an upgraded T-72) to field in limited numbers, giving a few units something closer to 3rd-gen hardware. Overall, most Iranian troops are 2nd-gen, with a smaller fraction edging into 3rd-gen thanks to selective improvements (like new anti-tank guided missiles, tactical radios, etc.). Where Iran stands out is in asymmetric 4th-gen assets: it has deployed combat robots in drills (small UGVs with machine guns), experimented with suicide drones in swarms, and built a robust cyber capability to complement kinetic forces. Tehran’s strategy is to compensate for conventional shortcomings by “commanding the skies” with drones and massing long-range fires . Iran is not known to be pursuing a Western-style “future soldier” program; rather, its modernization is focused on enabling its forces via drones, missiles, and AI at the operational level. In conclusion, Iran’s ground forces modernization is slower compared to regional peers – it is developing 4th-gen force multipliers (drones/AI) even as much of its Army remains in the 2nd-gen era. Planned 5th-gen developments would likely revolve around improving those drone swarms and perhaps integrating AI more deeply into command networks, as indicated by its leadership’s guidance.
Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia’s Royal Army (and parallel Saudi National Guard) are relatively small in personnel (~75,000 Army, 100,000 SANG) but lavishly equipped with modern imported hardware, placing them broadly in the third-generation category. Virtually all major equipment in Saudi land forces is modern: they operate M1A2S Abrams tanks, M2 Bradley IFVs, modern French AMX-30 and Nexter Aravis armored cars, and AH-64 Apache attack helicopters in support. This means Saudi armored and mechanized brigades have 3rd-gen mobility and firepower. The Saudis have invested heavily in protection and firepower — for example, upgrading their fleet of thousands of American-supplied APCs (like the M113) to improved variants with better armor and weapons . Saudi infantry are equipped with Western small arms (HK G36 and M4 rifles) and body armor; special forces have advanced optics and NVGs. However, Saudi Arabia’s force has historically been less focused on networking and doctrine, so full 4th-gen integration is limited. There have been efforts to introduce modern battle management systems (with U.S. help) and improve C4I, especially during the Yemen conflict. The Yemen war since 2015 has been a testing ground, revealing that while Saudi units had top-notch equipment, they sometimes lagged in training and integrating technology in combined arms. Saudi Arabia is now trying to address this by sending officers for advanced training and seeking modern doctrine from partners. On the technology side, the Kingdom is very interested in drones and high-tech systems. It has purchased Chinese Wing Loong II armed drones and used them in combat, and it’s exploring domestic drone production. Air-defense and anti-drone systems are also being acquired, pointing to adaptation to new threats. Still, we do not see a public “future soldier” program for Saudi infantry akin to Western armies – modernization is mostly by procurement (buying the latest tanks, artillery, etc.). So in terms of distribution: almost all Saudi troops are 3rd-gen in equipment (few if any obsolete weapons in front-line service, given regular upgrades). Some elite units and the Royal Guard may have aspects of 4th-gen, such as advanced communications gear and real-time intel feeds from UAVs. Saudi Arabia’s large defense budget also means it is likely to jump to 5th-gen tech through purchases, rather than domestic development – for instance, it’s interested in artificial intelligence for surveillance, and has the means to import autonomous systems when they become available. In summary, Saudi land forces are well-armed and highly modernized on paper (3rd-gen hardware across the board), and while they are not yet as digitally integrated as Western peers, ongoing partnerships and procurements (U.S. and UK support in modernizing the Saudi National Guard, for example) are slowly introducing 4th-generation concepts like network-centric operations into Saudi doctrine.
Italy
Italy’s Esercito (Army) is a medium-sized force (~97,000) that has been steadily modernizing within budgetary constraints. Italian ground forces today are predominantly 3rd-generation in capability – they operate modern Ariete MBTs (though in limited number), Centauro armored cars, and Dardo IFVs, and Italian infantry have benefited from a soldier modernization effort known as Soldato Futuro (“Future Soldier”). The Soldato Futuro program aimed to digitize and better connect Italian infantry, providing them with items like communication systems, sensors, and new combat gear. During trials, Italy found that initial designs had too much technology overburdening soldiers, so they streamlined the program by 2015 to be more pragmatic . The result has been a simplified kit that still gives soldiers key improvements – for example, Italian troops got new secure radios and tablet devices (for commanders), and improved night-vision goggles as part of Soldato Futuro . Although not all Italian units have this full kit, many mechanized brigades have some elements of it. Italy has also focused on mobility and protection: it’s acquiring the Freccia VBM 8x8 digital IFV and recently ordered German Boxer 8x8 armored vehicles with an Italian electronics suite. These vehicles and troops are integrated via Italy’s Forza NEC network program (Network Enabled Capability). So Italian forces are moving into 4th-gen in pockets – especially where they contribute to NATO’s high-readiness forces, they ensure digital interoperability. For example, Italian brigades in NATO exercises use the SIACCON battle management system to link units. The Italian Army also stood up a Transformational Unit to explore drones and robotics; they have tested small drones with infantry platoons and are participating in a multi-national program for a robotic vehicle. However, due to financial limits, not every Italian unit is fully modern: some tank units still use older Arietes pending upgrade, and some infantry might not have the latest sighting devices. Overall, a fair assessment is that most of Italy’s active combat forces are at least 3rd-gen (modern equipment, some digital comms), with an increasing share achieving 4th-gen integration thanks to Soldato Futuro and Forza NEC connecting soldiers to the network . Italy is also involved in 5th-gen planning at the European level – such as the MGCS future tank project and collaborative drone swarms – which indicates it intends to keep pace long-term. But compared to larger powers, Italy’s modernization is a bit slower. In conclusion, Italy has modernized ongoing programs that by the early 2020s have produced a more digitally-equipped, mobile army, and it is continuing on that path albeit with adjustments to keep things usable and affordable.
Brazil
Brazil has the largest armed forces in Latin America (~220,000 Army active) and has been incrementally modernizing from a largely 2nd-gen force toward a more advanced 3rd-gen force. One flagship effort is the Combatente Brasileiro (COBRA) program, Brazil’s future soldier project initiated to “impose modernity” on its Army . Since 2007, Brazilian defense planners studied other nations’ programs (FELIN, IdZ, etc.) and designed COBRA to improve protection, lethal capability, communications, mobility, and observation for soldiers . This has involved procuring modern equipment for evaluation – for instance, Brazil bought small batches of new ballistic helmets, night-vision goggles, soldier radios, and rugged handheld computers to test with units (approximately 160 troops were outfitted in a pilot as COBRA 1.0) . The Army recognized its diverse operating environments (from Amazon jungle to urban favelas) and decided to create two kit variants: “Amazon COBRA” for jungle units and “Regular COBRA” for others . So far, only special forces and select infantry brigades have gotten some of this gear; the rollout to all 26 brigades will take time. Meanwhile, Brazil has modernized its firearms – the Army adopted the IA2 5.56mm rifle (locally produced) to replace older FN FALs, giving most front-line troops a modern assault rifle. Brazil is also updating its mobility: it’s fielding Guarani 6x6 armored vehicles with digital communications and has upgraded some M113 APCs. Thus, a growing portion of Brazilian forces can be considered 3rd-gen (new rifles, basic soldier electronics, armored mobility). However, a sizable part remains 2nd-gen: many battalions still lack widespread night-vision devices or sophisticated comms, relying on legacy kit. On the high end, Brazil is gradually integrating networked C2; its SISFRON program (integrated border monitoring) and new battlefield management systems are being introduced regionally. The COBRA project explicitly focuses on networking the individual combatant into a system, indicating Brazil’s intent to move into 4th-gen capabilities over time . For now, Brazil’s modernization pace is moderate due to budget. It is not developing 5th-gen robotics or AI on a large scale yet, though it’s certainly interested (Brazil’s military has shown off some small UAVs and is part of conferences on future soldier tech ). In summary, Brazil’s Army today is a mix: perhaps 40% of personnel are in units with modern 3rd-gen equipment, while the rest operate older gear, but through COBRA and vehicle modernization, that modern share is increasing. Brazil aims to eventually have a fully networked, digital force – essentially 4th-gen – but this will likely take well into the 2030s absent a rapid funding boost.
Indonesia
Indonesia’s Army (~300,000 active) has traditionally been a manpower-heavy, 2nd-gen force, but it has begun a slow modernization to handle new challenges and replace aging arsenals. A significant portion of the Tentara Nasional Indonesia – Angkatan Darat (TNI-AD) still uses older equipment (e.g. Indonesian infantry long relied on Pindad SS1 rifles derived from the FN FNC and minimal body armor). However, the TNI is in a “race against time” to modernize, according to observers . Indonesia takes a “retail approach” – buying a variety of systems from abroad in small batches – to incrementally upgrade different capabilities . In recent years, Indonesia has introduced some 3rd-gen elements: it acquired Leopard 2 RI main battle tanks and Marder IFVs from Germany, giving a couple of cavalry battalions modern armored firepower, and it locally produces the Pindad SS2 rifle which is now standard and an improvement with Picatinny rails for optics (some troops have red-dot sights). The Army also fields Ramos turret thermal imagers on some vehicles and has bought a number of Nexter CAESAR self-propelled howitzers, all indicating steps into modern tech. Indonesian leadership explicitly notes warfare trends shifting to high-tech – as the TNI Commander said in 2025, warfare is moving toward “AI-powered drones” and advanced tech, and the military must adjust its doctrine and systems accordingly . Indeed, Indonesia has started using drones for surveillance in conflict areas (like in Papua). The defense ministry is seeking more UAVs and even announced a plan to form a cyber unit for defense . Still, Indonesia’s budget constraints mean much of the Army remains light infantry with basic gear (1st/2nd-gen). The government’s goal to raise defense spending to 1.5% of GDP could accelerate projects . If that happens, priorities will likely be: modern comms for infantry, better air defense for troops, and additional armored vehicles. As of now, perhaps Indonesia’s special forces and a few battalions are at 3rd-gen capability (they have seen deployments with modern NVGs and communications, often supported by the U.S. during joint exercises), but the majority are still catching up. The Army has no public “future soldier” program akin to COBRA or Land Warrior, but it is quietly upgrading soldier ensembles – e.g. new helmets and vests have been spotted. On the horizon, Indonesia’s participation in exercises like Super Garuda Shield with the US is exposing its troops to 4th-gen concepts, which may influence acquisitions . To conclude, Indonesia is modernizing gradually: a growing minority of units have 3rd-gen weapons and some connectivity, while the rest are in transition. The TNI-AD recognizes that AI, drones, and cyber will shape future warfare and is starting to plan for those, but it will take sustained investment for Indonesia to field significant 4th-gen land capabilities.
Vietnam
Vietnam’s People’s Army (PAVN Ground Force ~400,000 active) has begun emerging from a largely 2nd-generation status toward selective modernization, though it remains heavily equipped with Vietnam War–era and Soviet Cold War weapons. Most Vietnamese infantry still carry AKM/AK-103 pattern rifles and RPG-7s, and armor consists of older T-54/55 and T-62 tanks, putting a lot of the force in the 1st/2nd-gen bracket historically. However, facing potential threats in the South China Sea and border security needs, Vietnam has initiated a defense modernization plan. The country has increased its defense budget and sought new partnerships – for example, Vietnam Defense 2024 exhibition highlighted Hanoi’s efforts to reduce reliance on old Russian gear and acquire more modern systems . On land, Vietnam has been upgrading its air defense and surveillance tech – deploying new radars and improving old air defense guns with digital fire control , which indirectly benefits ground forces protection. Notably, Vietnam is expanding its use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for reconnaissance . It showcased domestic and imported drones at its defense expo, signaling that even its army units will get more UAV support. For the soldier level, Vietnam has been quietly buying modern infantry accessories: there are reports of Vietnamese special forces using Israeli-origin night-vision goggles and communications equipment, thanks to strengthened Vietnam-Israel defense ties (Israel has become a key supplier of electronics to Vietnam) . Furthermore, Vietnam has acquired some modern anti-armor weapons (e.g. Israeli Spike MR missiles), boosting infantry lethality to 3rd-gen in some units. As of now, only a fraction of Vietnam’s ground troops are 3rd-gen – likely special units and maybe some elite divisions around Hanoi have modern kit. The bulk are still using refurbished older tech (2nd-gen), but these are gradually being replaced as funds allow. Vietnam is determined to build a “technologically sophisticated military” in coming years . For instance, plans are in place to invest more in electronic warfare and C4ISR by 2029 as the budget grows . However, Vietnam has to manage this within a limited budget and while maintaining a large conscript army, so modernization is a long-term, staged process. It does not yet have a comprehensive future soldier program publicly known (no equivalent of FELIN/IdZ announced), but given the trend of purchasing Israeli and Western soldier tech, we can expect incremental improvements. In conclusion, Vietnam’s ground force is transitioning: a core is being modernized (especially in air defense, communications, and anti-tank capabilities – key aspects of 3rd-gen warfare), and the army is experimenting with drones (a step toward 4th-gen). But for now, most of its infantry and armor remain on the older end, with the shift to third-generation gear just starting to pick up pace.
Egypt
Egypt maintains one of the region’s largest armies (~440,000), and while it has made significant acquisitions of modern equipment, much of its force could be considered second-generation due to the continued use of legacy platforms. Over the decades, Egypt amassed a mix of US and Soviet gear – thousands of M60A3 and T-55 tanks, older APCs like the M113 – and not all have been upgraded. That said, Egypt in the 2010s and 2020s has procured third-generation hardware to recapitalize key units. It co-produces the M1A1 Abrams tank (and is upgrading many older tanks to this standard) and has bought T-90MS tanks from Russia, meaning its armored brigades are increasingly 3rd-gen. The infantry has started receiving newer vehicles such as MRAPs for better mine protection (especially for Sinai operations). Egyptian soldiers now have more modern rifles (Egyptian forces use a mix including the Egyptian-made Maadi AK, and reportedly have evaluated modern Western rifles) and basic protective gear, but widespread distribution of advanced optics or digital systems is not evident. Egypt’s focus has also been on air defense and artillery modernization – e.g. deploying new SPGs and SAM systems – which indirectly support ground forces and reflect 3rd-gen integrated warfare capabilities. However, in terms of infantry networking or “future soldier” programs, Egypt lags. There isn’t a publicly known Egyptian soldier modernization project; improvements tend to come via foreign military aid (for example, the US supplying communications gear or night-vision devices in limited quantities). Thus, a portion of Egypt’s army (elite units, armor, special forces) is equipped at a 3rd-gen level with modern armor, night vision, and some communication equipment, whereas a large remainder still operates with older small arms and kit (2nd-gen). The doctrine, until recently, was still oriented around massed divisions (a 2nd-gen style). But now Egypt is trying to reform to face insurgencies and high-tech regional threats, meaning more emphasis on mobility and tech. They have shown interest in drones (for example, Egypt has Chinese Wing Loong drones in service) and have incorporated them for surveillance against militants, a sign of moving towards 4th-gen concepts. Additionally, Egypt’s newer French-supplied equipment (like Gowind corvettes or Rafale jets) necessitates improved data integration, which likely trickles down pressure on the Army to link its systems too. In summary, Egypt’s ground forces are partially modernized – their tank fleet and mechanized units increasingly 3rd-gen, and special units somewhat modern, but broad 4th-gen integration (digital C4ISR linking every soldier) is not yet in place. The modernization compared to peers is slow, but ongoing; we can expect Egypt to continue upgrading in piecemeal fashion (e.g. potentially joining future tank programs or buying more Western communications gear) to gradually improve its generational standing.
Poland
Poland’s military, especially its Army (~160,000 planned after recent expansion), is undergoing one of the fastest modernizations in Europe, driven by the threat from Russia. Poland historically had a lot of Soviet-era equipment (T-72 tanks, BWP-1 IFVs), but in the past few years it launched ambitious procurement to replace or upgrade almost everything, effectively moving its force firmly into third-generation and beyond. On the soldier level, Poland has developed the TYTAN individual soldier system, akin to other NATO future soldier programs. Tytan is designed to provide Polish dismounted troops with an integrated suite: C4I connectivity, upgraded combat uniforms with ballistic protection, and advanced target acquisition devices . Components displayed include image-intensified and thermal imaging goggles, weapon sights, modern helmets, body armor, and soldier radios . This indicates Poland is equipping soldiers to fight in a network-centric environment. Indeed, Tytan links soldiers with digital radios and is compatible with Poland’s new armored platforms. At the macro level, Poland is buying hundreds of K2 Black Panther tanks (from South Korea) and M1A2 Abrams tanks (from the US), plus K9 howitzers and HIMARS rocket systems, and a huge fleet of modern IFVs (it has ordered domestically designed Borsuk IFVs). These acquisitions mean that within a few years, most of Poland’s heavy units will have 4th-gen equipment (state-of-the-art, data-linked vehicles). Poland is also heavily investing in drones – including WB Electronics Warmate loitering munitions for the platoon level and larger UAVs for reconnaissance – integrating them into ground operations, which is a 4th-gen attribute. Already, Polish divisions deploying as part of NATO battlegroups use advanced communications and information systems interoperable with Western allies, so a good portion of the Polish Army is digitally connected (command vehicles with battlefield management systems, etc.). The current expansion plan explicitly lists “Personal equipment and armament for soldiers – ‘TYTAN’ System” as a funding priority . This suggests that in the near future, Polish infantry across multiple brigades will have standardized modern combat kits. Thus, Poland is actively developing 4th-gen forces; one could say it is shifting from a half-modernized force to a largely top-tier modern force. Any 5th-gen initiatives for Poland likely tie into their interest in autonomous systems (Poland has shown interest in American robotic combat vehicles and is developing some UAVs domestically) and AI for defense (there’s discussion in Poland about advanced analytics to complement their new hardware). In conclusion, Poland’s distribution is rapidly changing: from majority 2nd-gen a decade ago to now a significant chunk 3rd-gen, and within this decade, Poland aims to have most of its army at a 3rd or 4th generation level (new kit, integrated communications, and unmanned support). It is one of the countries where modernization is accelerating, potentially outpacing some wealthier nations in speed, due to the pressing security situation.
Australia
Australia’s Army (~30,000 regulars) is a compact, all-volunteer force that is fully third-generation and pushing into fourth-generation in terms of capability. Given its smaller size, Australia has been able to equip nearly all its soldiers with modern gear via the LAND 125 Soldier Combat System program. Under Land 125 Phase 3, completed around 2015–2018, every Australian close-combat soldier received a Soldier Combat Ensemble (SCE) including new load-bearing equipment, ballistic protection, combat helmets with mounting rails, and integrated hearing and eye protection . In fact, 22,000 sets of this modern SCE were delivered, covering the entire deployable force . This means Australian infantry universally have body armor, advanced helmets, and modern packs, etc. Additionally, Australia adopted the EF88 Austeyr assault rifle (an upgraded F88) with optics for all troops, and equips units with night-vision goggles and laser aiming devices standard. Communication-wise, the Army has fielded the Land 200 digital battle management system (connecting soldiers, vehicles, and HQ with radios and the Blue Force Tracker). So essentially, all Australian combat troops operate at a solid 3rd-gen level with some digital integration. Now Australia is working on Land 125 Phase 4, which will further enhance soldier systems (more sensors, possibly combat augmented reality) . The Australian Army is also notable for embracing networked warfare and experimentation. It stood up “Diggerworks,” a team to continually improve soldier tech with user feedback . Australia has tested and is acquiring unmanned ground vehicles (for example, autonomous vehicles were trialed to support infantry in exercises) and extensively uses small drones for reconnaissance at the platoon level. It is also part of the U.S. and UK efforts on robotic combat vehicles and AI; for instance, Australia is integrating artificial intelligence in simulations and considering AI for threat detection. All these point to emerging 4th-gen capabilities. Strategically, Australia is focusing on being a high-tech, deployable force alongside allies, and it prioritizes quality over quantity. As such, Australia is certainly developing toward a 4th-generation force, with initiatives in digital command systems, improved situational awareness for soldiers, and networked combat vehicles. Its new Boxer CRV vehicles and upgraded M1A2 tanks will all be equipped with systems to share data with dismounted troops. While Australia’s geography and doctrine don’t demand large heavy armor formations, they demand highly mobile, well-informed troops, so investments in satellite communications, battlefield networking, and long-range sensors are key – all hallmarks of 4th-gen warfare. In summary, all Australian active-duty land combat troops are modernized (3rd-gen equipment across the board), and the Army is steadily layering on advanced tech (drones, AI, and better networking) to evolve into a 4th-gen force suited for the Indo-Pacific environment and coalition operations.
Canada
Canada’s Army (~23,000 regulars) is a technologically advanced force, albeit small, meaning it has nearly all troops at a third-generation level and is trialing some fourth-gen capabilities in line with NATO allies. Canadian soldiers are equipped with modern C7/C8 rifles (with optical sights), fragmentation vests and ceramic plate armor, night-vision goggles, and personal radios. To further enhance infantry, Canada launched the Integrated Soldier System Project (ISSP), which aims to network soldiers with wearable communication and situational awareness tools . After some delays, the Canadian Army has begun fielding these soldier systems: essentially, every section is to have a digital backbone so troops can see each other’s locations and report targets on a handheld device. The existence of ISSP underscores that Canada is actively pursuing digitized soldier connectivity . In armored and support units, Canada has modern LAV 6.0 armored vehicles loaded with sensors and data links, meaning ground units are tied into a battle management system (Canadian and allied forces demonstrated this in Afghanistan, where Canadians were early users of networked combat radios). Because of its emphasis on expeditionary operations with allies, Canada’s doctrine and structure are very interoperable and network-centric – effectively a hallmark of 4th-gen warfare. For instance, Canadian units regularly plug into US digital networks on exercises. The Army also invests in niche tech: e.g., experimentation with uninhabited ground vehicles for logistic roles and the use of surveillance drones at the brigade level. While Canada’s limited budget means it’s not developing exotic new systems alone, it often partners in allied R&D (like on AI for targeting, through NORAD modernization). One example: Canadian troops have tested augmented reality glasses for training, showing an openness to tech-forward solutions. In terms of force distribution, all Canadian combat units are equipped with 3rd-gen kit (there’s no “low-tier” equipment cadre given the force’s small size and uniform standards). A portion of units – especially those earmarked for NATO high-readiness – are implementing the ISSP digital soldier systems, effectively pushing them toward 4th-gen status with enhanced situational awareness and communication. Canada is not explicitly developing 5th-gen autonomous combat forces (due to scale and policy), but it is certainly integrating AI at least at the analysis level (for example, exploring AI for maintenance diagnostics in vehicles). In conclusion, Canada’s Army is fully modernized within its size and continues to adopt advanced technologies in concert with larger allies. Its modernization is slower only in the sense of scale, but qualitatively, Canadian troops are among the best-equipped and the force is gradually becoming more networked and digital (4th-gen) as programs like ISSP come to fruition.
Spain
Spain’s Ejército de Tierra (~75,000) has moved into mostly third-generation equipment after extensive modernization since the 2000s, although some ambitious digitization programs were curtailed by budget issues. Spanish units are well-equipped with modern small arms (the G36E rifle), body armor, and night-vision devices, and the Army’s vehicles have been upgraded (Leopard 2E tanks, Pizarro IFVs). In the 2000s Spain pursued a future soldier program called COMFUT (Combatiente del Futuro) , aiming to connect and enhance its infantry with integrated optics, communications, and new protective gear. COMFUT underwent development and field trials, but due to economic constraints around 2010, its full implementation paused. Nonetheless, technology from COMFUT did trickle into the force – Spanish troops deployed to Afghanistan, for example, had some advanced targeting goggles and improved comms that were part of the experimental kit. Today, Spanish infantry use modern radio systems and some units have tablet-based command systems, meaning partial 4th-gen integration. The Army is currently focusing on the VCR 8x8 “Dragón” wheeled combat vehicle, which is a new digital armored vehicle that will serve as a network hub for mechanized infantry. As these enter service (from 2022 onward), they come with battlefield management systems that interlink with dismounts. Spain is also implementing the SIMACET digital command and control system across its brigades. So, while the standalone future-soldier program didn’t fully deploy, the Army is achieving similar ends via vehicle programs and communications upgrades. Most Spanish combat forces are 3rd-gen – they have the protective and firepower gear expected of a modern force. Some are already at 3.5 or 4th-gen in capability where new C4I is fielded (e.g. the Brigada “Rey Alfonso XIII” was earmarked to test new digital systems). Spain has not been very active in unmanned ground vehicles, but it has used UAVs for surveillance and is investing in cyber/electronic warfare which are part of modern multi-domain ops. The country’s close integration in NATO means it adopts standards like Link-16 and others to ensure its ground units can share data in coalition, another sign of advanced capability. In summary, Spain’s Army is fully modern in equipment (3rd-gen) and gradually increasing its networked, information-era warfare capabilities. Ongoing projects will ensure Spanish soldiers get better connected (there is an intention to revive elements of COMFUT when funding allows). Compared to peers, Spain’s modernization in the soldier domain slowed in the 2010s, but with new investments in vehicles and comms, the 2020s should see Spain catching up in digital integration. It is fair to say Spain is developing 4th-gen forces, albeit at a measured pace, and is not yet pursuing any radical 5th-gen force developments (like autonomous combat robots), focusing instead on incremental improvements and NATO interoperability.
Ukraine
(While Ukraine wasn’t traditionally counted among top militaries, its recent war-driven transformation is notable for ground force modernization.) Since 2022, Ukraine’s active-duty land forces (which expanded to ~200,000+ during mobilization) have undergone an extraordinarily rapid modernization out of sheer necessity. Before the war, Ukraine’s Army was largely 2nd-gen, with Soviet-legacy tanks, BMPs, and AK-74 rifles. In the span of months, however, Ukraine began receiving large quantities of modern 3rd-gen weapons from NATO – including Javelin and NLAW anti-tank missiles, Western artillery and precision rockets, and later Western main battle tanks and IFVs (like Leopards and M2 Bradleys). This influx instantly improved the technological level of many units to 3rd-gen or better. Ukrainian soldiers are now often equipped with Western-supplied body armor, helmets, night-vision devices, and secure communications, dramatically upgrading their kit. Perhaps most striking is Ukraine’s embrace of drones and networked tactics, showcasing a leap into 4th-generation warfare. On the battlefield, Ukraine has deployed hundreds of small commercial quadcopter drones for real-time reconnaissance and even attack, to the point that Russian observers noted “the most useful drone is a quadcopter” in modern ground war . The Ukrainian Army’s large-scale use of these UAS – for scouting, correcting artillery fire, and dropping munitions – has provided “compelling evidence” of new warfighting realities . Frontline units have integrated drones into their standard operations, effectively giving even platoons a UAV overwatch, which is a hallmark of 4th-gen practice. Ukraine has also leveraged information networks: improvising systems like GIS Arta (a digital fire-control network) to connect sensors (drones, radars) to shooters (artillery), enabling faster and more precise strikes. In effect, Ukraine in 2022–2023 created ad-hoc a network-centric warfare capability on top of a previously 2nd-gen force. Now, with Western training, Ukrainian brigades are learning to conduct “combined arms” maneuvers using modern tanks, IFVs, infantry with secure comms, all under drone surveillance and linked to long-range fires – something that edges into 4th-gen doctrine and beyond. Not all Ukrainian units are uniformly equipped; newly mobilized infantry might still use old AK rifles and less gear, but the general trend is that Ukraine is swapping out Soviet-era equipment for modern Western gear as fast as allies can supply it. In essence, Ukraine’s war experience is forcing it into being one of the more technologically adapted armies: every innovation that can confer an edge, from AI analytics of satellite imagery to anti-drone electronic warfare, is being tried. While Ukraine’s situation is unique, it demonstrates how a military can transition generations rapidly under pressure. As of late 2023, a significant portion of Ukraine’s active units are at least 3rd-gen (given Western arms and gear), and many operate with 4th-gen-like integration of drones and digital command systems. If Ukraine continues to receive advanced systems (like potentially Western fighter aircraft with data links, more advanced C4ISR), it could further solidify into a very modern force. In conclusion, Ukraine – out of dire need – is actively developing 4th-generation forces on the fly, and adopting any 5th-gen relevant tools (like AI software or autonomous drones) that can help, making it a special case in force modernization.
Sources: Global defense ministry reports, analyses, and expert assessments were used to compile this overview. Key references include the U.S. GAO and Army modernization strategy , China defense white papers , Russian and Ukrainian equipment audits , Indian Army statements , and numerous defense research publications on each country’s programs , ensuring all data is derived from publicly available, reputable sources.
